Editor-in-Chief: Husref Tahirović EDITORIAL CONTACT INFORMATION Acta Medica Academica Academy of Sciences and Arts of Bosnia and Herzegovina Bistrik 7, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina Tel.: + 387 33 560 718; Fax.: + 387 33 560 703 Contact Person: Nerma Tanović; E-mail: amabih@anubih.ba This is an open access journal which means that all content is freely available without charge to the user or his/her institution. Users are allowed to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of the articles, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without asking prior permission from the publisher or the author. This is in accordance with the BOAI definition of open access.
Academy of Sciences and Arts of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Subpopulations of B- And T-Lymphocytes and NK (Natural Killer) Cells (LGL – Large Granular Lymlphocytes) in Patients With Infectious Mononucleosis
In a group of 54 patients with verified diagnoses of infectious mononucleosis values of leukocytes, lymphocytes and atypical mononuclear cells (AMNC) in the peripheral blood were measured and the number of B-lymphocytes, T11 T4, T8-lymphocytes and large granular lymphocytes (LGL) and NK (natural killer) cells respectively identified and determined by appropriate immunological tests. Maximal leukocyte values in the peripheral blood did not exceed 14 x 109/1 and were recorded in the first three weeks of the disease. Lymphocytes and AMNC were predominating cells in the differential leukocyte formula. Their maximal values amounted up to 88 percent and were largest in the first three weeks of the disease. The values of antibodies to VCA (viral capsid antigen) and of antibodies to EBNA (Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen) were in accord with data reported in the literature. In direct immunofluorescence tests (polyvalent and monovalent anti-immunoglobulin antibodies) we found increased values of B-lymphocytes, which culminated in the first week of the disease. In most cases we recorded elevated values of B-lymphocytes which carried on their membranes IgG 4 + IgM + IgA or IgG + IgM. The rise B-lymphocyte values was most likely due to the action of EB virus as polyclonal activator of B-cells resulting in their proliferation and differentiation. In indirect immunofluorescence tests with use of anti-TH, anti-T4 and anti-T8 monoclonal antibodies we found increased Tll-lymphocytes values and marked rise in the values of suppressor-cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (T8) throughout the entire duration of the disease. There was also a mild upward trend in the values of T-helper lymphocytes (T4). Infection of B-lymphocytes with EB virus was accompanied by intensive immune stimulation and the activation of, and increase in the values of, T-lymphocytes, in the first place of those with a cytotoxic and suppressor function (T8), which also seemed to have been primarily activated. The tendency of a light increase in T-helper lymphocytes (T4) values might have been the result of the activation of this subspecies of T-lymphocytes in acute infectious mononucleosis. In the smears of whole blood and in the smears of separated lymphocytes, and with the use of monoclonal NKH’ antibodies, we found increased values of large granular lymphocytes (LGL) and NK (natural killer) cells, respectively, which tallies with the results reported by other researchers. The increase in the mean values of NK cells was greatest between the fifteenth and thirtieth days of the disease. An intact function of NK cells is a precondition for normal protection against herpes simplex virus, so that these cells would behave in a similar way also against Epstein-Barr (EB) virus. NK cells alone could directly act on EB virus-infected B-cells, thus immediately taking part in defence processes, and could together with activated cytotoxic T-cells act on the plasma cells whose appearance is the result of virus-induced transformation of B-lymphocytes and could eliminate them. T-suppressor lymphocytes would restrict the growth of EB virus-infected B-cells by acting antiproliferously.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nijaz Softić, Tatjana Jeren https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Alprenolol Metabolites Structure Study by Using the Method of Gass Chromatography — Mass Spectrometry
Alprenolole is subject to a fast-metabolic transformation like other beta blocking agents. Until now 4-hidroxy alprenolol and N-dcsizopropyl alprenolol are identified as products of such metabolic transformations. In the paper Identification of methoxy-hydroxy alprenolol, a new metabolite of alprenolol, performed by selective derivatization and GC-MS structure examination. is described.
Copyright (c) 2026 Meliha Lekić, Ljiljana Kudra, Miroslav Šober, Branko Nikolin https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Influence of Pharmaceutical Dosage Form on Quality of Therapy
Some biopharmaceutical factors related to drug dosage form were presented. These factors might influence the rate and extent of absorption, changing thus time of onset, intensity and duration of pharmacodynamic effect.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sabira Hadžović, Jela Milić-Aškrabić, Aida Mehmedagić, Ljiljana Savković https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Deterioration of pharmaceutical products, especially those containing water, may result from Chemical changes, oxygen, light, moisture and microorganism contamination. Those changes can be prevented or minimised by addition of a suitable antioxidant or an antimicrobial preservative. Their properties, potential side effects and interactions are discussed in this paper. Many pharmaceutical products ought to be coloured for psychological and practical reasons, which is very important both for the patient and industrial pharmacist. Colouring agents, used as colours for pharmaceutical preparations have been reviewed in this paper.
Copyright (c) 2026 Biljana Ivković https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Quality Assurance for Drugs — Yugoslav Pharmaceutical Industry Situation in Relation to WHO Requirements
Analysis of situation in Yugoslav pharmaceutical industry is described from the point of view of quality assurance introducing. A critical review to legal regulations in the area of drug manufacturing in relation to EEC, FDA and WHO requirements is given and quality assurance system and WHO requirements for manufacture certification are presented. A support is given to the trend of activities taken by other European countries, which are preparing themselves carefully to resist the challenge of requirements regarding EUROPA 92 supported by harmonized standards and rules.
Copyright (c) 2026 Slavko Marković, Dženana tatarević https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Good Laboratory Practice a Process to Assure Reliable Data in the Testing of Chemicals
Good laboratory practice is an expression of a need for harmonization of the work in laboratory Services to ensure adequate product quality. The system of laboratory work should be accompanied by an inspection and study audit. The document Principles of Good Laboratory Practice in Chemicals investigation, adopted by the OECD Council in 1981, represents a basis for international exchange of information of toxicological and other data. The GLP includes responsibilities in management, quality of work, facilities, documentation, study plan, objectives of the study, equipment, personnel etc. The inspection and study audit on GLP performance should be realized through relevant authority (government).
Copyright (c) 2026 Milan Škrlj https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Specific Properties of the Drugs Produced by Dna Recombinant Biotechnology
Products produced by DNA recombinant biotechnology processes may be considered a new possibility in the field of therapy. In the period from 1985 to 1989 the following recombinant DNA drugs were approved: human insulin, human growth hormones, interferon alpha 2a and 2b, interleukin 2, alteplase, muromanab CD 3, erythropoietin and hepatitis B vaccine. Many new products are being developed. Since a number of peptides and proteins are rapidly destroyed in the body, new formulations and systems have been developed in order to increase the steady drug concentration in blood circulation or locally at the site of application, further, to increase the efficacy of drugs and to minimize the incidence and severity of adverse side effects. The proteins and peptides are unable to reach secluded organs or sites where the therapeutic effect is desirable, therefore more selective routes of administration than the venous one is being introduced. The cost of some biological drugs may result in their limited use, thus guidelines for a proper administration have been issued.
Copyright (c) 2026 Anton Štalc https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Quantitative Determination of Tannins in Plants of Bosnia and Herzegovina
The quality of medicinal herbs containing tannin as an active component depends on the kind and content of tannin. Tannin is determined by using various methods which are usually mentioned in pharmacopoeias. In our paper we examined the content of tannin in plant material using the following methods: a method according to Ph. Yug. II, Ph. Yug III, Ph. Yug IV, a method with casein, a method of precipitation with brucine, and a method of relative astringency (RA) determination (tbl. 1 and 2). Our results showed that the obtained values of the content of tannin depended on the method which was used. Therefore, it is necessary to specify the method with the obtained value for the content of tannin. In spite of numerous examinations of the content of tannin in the plant material which were performed by the authors, it was difficult to determine the best method since, beside tannin, there were other phenolic and also non-phenolic substances in the plant material more or less influencing the content of tannin. The results obtained in this paper contribute to a better knowledge of the analytics and quality of tannin and the plant material which contains tannin as an active component.
Copyright (c) 2026 Jela Grujić-Vasić, Tamara Bosnić, Salko Ramić, Sejfudin Tokić, Sulejman Redžić https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Autobioassay in the Quality Control of Drugs
Autobioassay can be used in analyses of drug effects in two ways. It can be used as an instrument or as a place of drug activity. In the first case it can replace a lacking apparatus and in the second case it can show the effect of drugs that could not otherwise be recorded. By autobioassay on isolated organs an analysis of exogenously added drugs is meant with a simultaneous stimulation of pertaining motor nerves. By applying autobioassay with isolated tissues vivisection can be avoided, especially the one done by repetition, to satisfy certain standards. The described IIO can be used in analyses of neurotransmission and cotransmission. Autobioassay can be used in the quality control of drug effects.
Copyright (c) 2026 Seid Huković, Nedžad Mulabegović, Elvedina Kapić, Iris Rajman, Biljana Ivković, Nedim Huković https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
In the year of the quality of health care quality of drug research was stressed. One of the first steps in the pharmacological evaluation of substances is in vitro investigation. The isolated organs with extrinsic and intrinsic nerve electrical stimulation could be used to get the results for the first decision about the quality of future drugs. Using the isolated organs with a simultaneous stimulation of their motor nerve, the danger of false-positive or false-negative results could be decreased. It is a danger to accept substance for further investigation or to abandon the substance which could be a useful future drug. The isolated and innervated organs as model-systems could help to make adequate decisions.
Copyright (c) 2026 Seid Huković, Dubravka Potkonjak https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Copyright (c) 2026 Jela Grujić-Vasić https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Application of the Method of Chromatographic Identification of Lipid Compoments of Tissue in Ecotoxicology
In the work we tried to describe the method of detection and quantitative chromatogram analysis of neutral lipids extracted from different tissue extracts obtained from 6 types of fishes. This technique can be applied for the identification and characterization of lipid tissue components in the species exposed to exotoxin. The method of detection and chromatogram analysis involves detection on photo-material, densitometry. The results of quantitative analysis of neutral lipids which are presented in 6 tables show a high degree of reproducibility and are compatible with those obtained with classical analytical and quantitative methods. Qualitative analysis of phospholipids showed that phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidyl ethanolamine represent the types of lipids which dominate in all the types of tissues. This corelates well with Smirnov’s (1970) and Femagalli’s (1976) results that also detected same tissue types in the fishes of different sorts.
Copyright (c) 2026 Koviljka Stojkov https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Organic Substances Identification in the Atmosphere of the City of Zenica Using the Method of Chromatography — Mass Spectrometry
The location of metallurgic complex, together with power plants and coke production in an urban centre, results in an appropriate atmospheric pollution part of which are organic compounds in a significant amount. A long-term exposit ion to some organic compounds may result in chronic toxic or genotoxic effects, so identification of such compounds means a necessity in planning of permanent monitoring. It was the aim of this paper. Concerning Lite nature of air pollution in this case, various classes of organic compounds were expected in atmosphere which caused a different sampling procedure to be applied. Samples were collected on glass fibre filters, activated charcoal, silica-gel Layers, on filters made of specially prepared coal tissue and in impinges filled with toluene. The identification was performed by gas chromatography and gas chromatography — mass spectrometry. Alkyl substituted phenols, alkyl derivatives of benzene, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their alkyl derivatives, normal, branched and cyclic alkanes and alkenes, aminonaphthalenes, aliphatic alcohols and ketones and heterocyclic compounds with nitrogen and sulphur were identified.
Copyright (c) 2026 Branko Nikolin, Miroslav Šobe, Milan Tomljenović, Meliha Lekić, Igor Davor Gaon https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Effects of the Toxins on the Isolated Innervated Human Ureter
Ureteral motility was studied in isolated innervated human ureter preparations after adding various toxins. Ureters were removed during surgery. Contractions were monitored and recorded isometrically after an electric stimulation. Investigated organic solvents were benzene, xylene and trichlorethylene. Preliminary results indicate that benzene and trichlorethylene decreased the height of the induced contractions in a dose dependent way. Xylene increased the height of the induced contractions without affecting the base line tone. Such a preparation has not been used in toxicological investigations so far. The results of preliminary investigations with isolated innervated human ureter are presented in this paper. This preparation seems to be useful in further toxicological investigations.
Copyright (c) 2026 Iris Rajman, Boris Vujović, Seid Huković https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Pharmacological Methods in Toxicology on the Isolated Innervated Organs From the Mouth
Isolated and innervated organs from the mouth were prepared. They were striated muscles from the tongue and from the farinx. They were prepared with the motor nerve and set up in an isolated organ bath. The induced contractions were recorded and the xenobiotics-ecotoxins were injected. The toxins were benzene and derivatives, trichlorethylene, mercury and lead. It was found that they increase the effect of nerve stimulation, they increased the height of induced contractions, depending on concentration. The explanation of the effect was that they inhibit enzymes and they free the neurotransmitters.
Copyright (c) 2026 Elvedina Kapić https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Ecotoxicological Risc Investigation of Inhaled Light and Heavy Benzine Vapours as Well as Trichloroethylene in the Course of Gestation
Organic dissolvers from the group of petroleum hydrocarbons (light and heavy benzines) were investigated as well as trichloroethylene, and their influence on the process of embryogenesis and neuromuscular transmission in rats. 16 female rats of the Wistar species (160 experimental and 56 controlling) were used. During the first and the second gestation period the experimental females were treated with organic dissolvers in an inhalator dose of 0.5/4500 ml. Clinical signs of intoxication and haematologic changes were observed in the course of the experiment. Two to three days before delivery half of the experimental females were killed, and their foetuses investigated and taken out. The stomach and the urinary bladder were isolated from females, their young’s and foetuses, and the neuromuscular transmission was investigated. The results of the investigation showed that all the examined organic dissolvers caused clinical signs of intoxication in the gravid females with changes of haematologic parameters. Trichloroethylene only influenced the process of development causing the birth of the young of a reduced weight and deaths. Ali the examined organic dissolvers manifested an inhibitory effect on the neuromuscular synapsis function of the foetuses, young and grown females.
Copyright (c) 2026 Jasna Đuričić https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
The Risk Assessment of Exposition to Heavy Metals on Cells of Chicken Embryo and Tissue Cultures in Ecotoxicology
The effects of metal ions — Ag+, Fe++, Sb++ on the hen embryo and tissue culture in final concentrations of 10-1 — 10-5 M was studied. Each concentration, soluted in 0,2 ml, was inoculated in the tissue of hen embryo, in amnion and in yolk sac as well as in tissue culture in vitro cells HeLa and GMK lines. Fe++, the essential element in the animal and in the human body and Ag+ and Sb++, which normally are not present as essential biological elements, manifested considerable differences in their toxical effects on the cell hen embryo as well as on the continual cell lines HeLa and GMK. It was observed stronger and faster toxicological effects of Ag+ and Sb++ than Fe++, which manifested their toxicological effects already first day after application regardless of the method of metal application. The death of embryo was evident very quickly after inoculation of metal ions into amnion and into the yolk sac. The toxically effects of Ag+ and Sb++ were faster manifested in the cell culture, where Ag+ and Sb++ caused the death of cells in the solution of 10-1 — 10-2 and 10-3 M, but Fe++ showed the same effects only in concentration of IO-1 M. It was observed that inoculation of those metal ions in amnion of the hen embryo caused a faster death of cells than the inoculation of the same metals in yolk sac.
Copyright (c) 2026 Marija Keser-Stanković, Danica Hlača, Dragan Stanković https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Ecotoxicologic Investigation of Interaction of Lead and Antidots on Neuromuscular Transmission
Ali tested antidots used in our experiment manifested modification effects on neuromuscular transmission. In interaction with Pb++ the effects of antidots were different. AET first caused an increase of tonus and then decreased it with a significant decreasing effects on the height of muscular contraction. In interaction with Pb++ spastic action of AET failed. Cistamin decreased tonus and height of contraction of isolated ileum. In interaction with Pb++ cistamin caused neither change in tonus nor in height of contraction of isolated ileum. EDTA caused an increase of tonus of isolated ileum, but the height of contraction was not significantly changed. In interaction with Pb ions the reaction of isolated ileum was changed. Tonus showed a decrease to the control value (base line), but relative height of contraction left unchanged. D-penicilamid caused an increased tonus and a decreased relative height of contraction of isolated ileum. In interaction with Pb++ tonus was decreased up to the base line, but the height of contraction showed gradual decrease to the control line.
Copyright (c) 2026 Marija Keser-Stanković, Dragan Stanković https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
The Estimation of Effects of Heavy Metals on Membrane and Action Potential
Using the technique of intracellular membrane potential registration membrane potential was measured, of the smooth muscle cells in standard Tyrode solution in the presence of Mn2+, Cd++ and Pb++ as well as in acalcic Tyrode solution without Ca++ but in the presence of Mn+ + and Cd"*. Mn+ + in final concentration of 10-5 — 10-3 M in standard Tyrode solution rt the beginning caused a mild decrease of rest potential and the decrease to reach 72°/o of the start value at the end of the first minute. However, from the second minute after application of Mn++ the rest potential was Progressive by regenerated and at the end of the eight minute it reached its start value. Ca++ added in concentration of 1,5 mM caused hyperpolarisation of 10% over the start value. If Mn++ were added in acalcic solution, during the first minute of acalcic State rest potential decreased to 65% of the start value. From the second minute of the application of Mn++ membrane potential was regenerating and during the fourth minute it reached the start value. In the course of this experiment gradual hyperpolarisation was observed which reached 36% over the start value. Ca++ added in Tyrode solution in concentration of 1.5 mM caused further hyperpolarisation to 57% over the start value. Pb++ added in the final concentration 10-5 — 10-1 M in the standard Tyrode solution caused irreversible decrease of the membrane potential to 64% of the start value, this partial depolarisation was maintained during the experiment without tendency to a regeneration of the rest potential. Cd++ in the standard Tyrode solution in concentration 10-5 — 10-3 M caused a mild initial hyperpolarisation. In acalcic solution the rest potential in the presence of Cd++ showed the Progressive decrease to 56% of the start value. No tendency of the regeneration of membrane potential was observed. Using the methods of electrostimulation and oscillography analysis of four essential parameters of the compound action potential, the effects of Hg++ on the excitable cell membranes of isolated frog sciatic nerves were studied. The results showed that Hg++ in concentration of 5 mM caused a strong depression of amplitude of action potential, an increase in threshold excitation and prolongation of latency. The changes of amplitude of the action potential and latency were reversible, but the effects of Hg++ on threshold excitation were prolonged.
Copyright (c) 2026 Marija Keser-Stanković https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Methods of Investigation of Mycotoxicoses in Ecotoxicology
The author reviewed the mycotoxicosis in people and animals from the first suspected and/or diagnosed diseases to the newest ones through the description of evolution of the process and methods for the determination and diagnosis. Modern methods for determination of mycotoxins and the complete proceeding from the determination of moldiness of the substrate are cited, through the isolation of causal molds, toxinogenicity of isolates, determinations of their metabolites and their effects on various substrates, determination of LD 50 and other effects on various models in biological tests. Then an epicritical discussion on some diseases still suspected as mycotoxicosis is given, why mycotoxins are not chemically yet determined, neither biological effects proved.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ladislav Ožegović https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Alternatives to Animal Experiments in Risk Assessment of Xenobiotics and Ecotoxins Using Isolated Organs
Xenobiotics and ecotoxins should be toxicologically defined in spite of their great number in environment, industry and laboratories. There are two obstacles for the toxicological examinations of xenobiotics and ecotoxins. The first one is expensiveness, animals and time consuming. The second obstacle is antiviosectionist movement. The use of isolated organs with their motor nerve stimulations could be alternative to the whole animal experiments >n ecotoxicological risk assessments. The isolated innervated organs described were with extrinsic and intrinsic motor nerve stimulation. It was recommended to use four preparations with extrinsic nerves, and they were: oesophagus, stomach, urinary bladder and duetus deferens taken out from the mice. If the guinea-pigs were used fourth organ could be ileum instead of stomach. More than 50 xenobiotics were analysed in order to improve the method for toxicological investigation.
Copyright (c) 2026 Seid Huković, Nedim Huković https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Metode toksikologije in vitro u procjeni rizika za čovjeka i njegovu okolinu u ekotoksikološkom monitoringu
Copyright (c) 2026 Dragomir Stanković https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Elongacija donjih ekstremiteta metodom epifizarne distrakcije
Copyright (c) 2026 Zdravko Trolić, Nikola Milićević https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Thickening of the Tibia by Using the Ilizarov Method
The thickening technique and results of shin thickening and lengthening are presented in the paper. The deficiency of shin length varied from 1,5 to 4,5 Cm. The thickening was done with multiple osteotomies of fibula and lateralisation of it as well as separation of the tibia medial lamina and “pulling” it to the medial side successively. The results were: equalisation of shin lengths completely and enlargement of muscle circumference up to 14 Cm.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nikola Milićević, Safet Čibo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
The Lengthening of Extremities in Congenital and Developmental Anomalies
The lengthening of extremities in congenital anomalies represents a special problem due to large shortenings combined with other deformities in cases of growing patients. From the beginning of 1984 to the end 1989 we performed, at Orthopaedic Clinic, elongation in 280 cases, almost one third of which suffered from congenital anomalies. The majority of patients belonged to 3 main indication areas: congenital absence of fibula (and other ectromelies), congenital dislocation of the hip (CDH) and its sequelae and generalized arrest of the growth. The largest lengthening gained at one segment of extremity was 16 cm. Equalisation was achieved in all the cases of congenital absence of the fibula as well as in those with CDH. The largest lengthening at one segment in cases of dwarf patients was 14 cm (tibia), and as a total (tibia plus femur) 22 cm. The percent of the complications in cases with dwarf patients was considerably greater then in those with inequalities of extremities.
Copyright (c) 2026 Božo Ljubić, Mihajlo Milašević, Zdravko Trolić https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Ilizarov’s Technique for Lengthening of Limbs and Its Applicability
The author presented Ilizarov’s technique and apparatus as an external fixator. This external fixator had been concluded for compression and distraction. The author treated 324 cases with Ilizarov’s distraction-compressive external fixator. The cases were: - Shortening of the limb-congenital ethology, traumatic ethology, post inadequately treated congenital luxation of the hip joint. - Unstable fractures with a free fragment and open fractures with decolman of soft tissue. - Pseudoarthrosis with or without defects of the bones. In all the cases satisfactory results were obtained. Keys words: distraction, compression, corticotomy, regeneration of the bone, lengthening, Ilizarov’s apparatus.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nikola Milićević https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Experiences and Problems With Extremity Lengthening at the University Orthopedic Clinic in Ljubljana
The work presents our 25-year experience with lengthening of extremities at the University Department of Orthopaedic Surgery in Ljubljana. A total of 223 lengthening procedures, performed on 187 patients, have been reviewed. On the basis of this analysis, the problems attending the procedures and ways of avoiding and reducing complications are discussed. The importance of knowledge and experience in all phases of the lengthening procedure is emphasized in the conclusion.
Copyright (c) 2026 Franc Srakar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Mechanical Theory of Causal Histogenesis as a Base of the Explanation of Ossification With Distraction of Bones
The work presents the research view of mechanical factors on supporting tissue differentiation in a specific ossification conditions in the case of bone distraction. Among many theories of bone distraction genesis, the basic place takes the Pauwels theory of causal histogenesis. According to this theory —- and as the results of all the basic strains (pressure, tension, or shear) the cell itself may only be deformed or the hydrostatic pressure in it may be heightened. The influence combination of different cell deformations stipulates for the supporting tissue differentiation as well. The second theory about the influence of mechanical factors upon chondrogenesis, as the osteogenesis basis, is given by Krompecher. According to this theory the bone is produced because of pressure and hypoxis in granulous tissue, and under the influence of the substance change disturbance the cartilage is formed. The authors have tried to apply these two basic theories about causal histogenesis and ossification, and to explain the mechanical causes of bone-tissue performing in distraction of bone elongation. The authors conclude that Pauwels theory, although not yet completely explained, corresponds more to the ossification possibility of a defect proceeded by bone distraction. In the work the importance of mutual biomechanical and clinical research is stressed in solving the common problems of microstructure supporting tissue differentiation.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ivo Ruszkowski, Osman Muftić, Tomo Pavić https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Share of Melatonin in Directing of Ultrastructural Thyreocyte Changes of Epiphyzecotomised and X-Irradiated Rats
Before treatment with radiation in dose 8 Gy gamma rays, Albino rats, Wistar, were pinealectomized and divided in two experimental groups. Group I received for fourteen days the 0,5 ccm ethanol solvent, and group II received melatonin in dose of 0,2 mg,0,5 ccm of solvent. 12* h day of post irradiation period all the animals were decapitated, and the glandular parenchyma were analysed by electron microscope. Thyreocytes of the group I reacted with destructive changes, while those which had been given melatonin (group II) reacted with less emphasised changes of the same type. The differences between thyreocytes of group I and group II suggest the possibility of radioprotective effects of melatonin.
Copyright (c) 2026 Zlata Kundurović https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
The Influence of Metabolic Changes on the Course and Outcome of Enterolitic Dehydratation Toxicosis of Infants
The author investigated the influence of single metabolic changes on the course and outcome of severe enterocolitis dehydration in 161 infants and small children. He observed the lethality rate, survival rate and the quality of survival. Beside he high lethality rate (24.22°/o), he found a low quality of survival as a disturbance of normal growth and development in 17.39" u of survived and controlled children. The prognosis was negatively influenced by a high degree of dehydration, especially if the dehydration was sudden. A worse prognosis was noticed in children with low pH-value, high body temperature and long duration of hypoxia — which was observed by means of EEG and ECG? An especially bad prognostic sign was deep and lasting disturbance of conscience. The author found no correlation between bad prognosis and blood minerals values.
Copyright (c) 2026 Lutvo Hodžić https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/